Career in retail Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Career in retail - Essay Example 3. This position matches with the necessary skills that I have learnt as part of my education and would provide me with an ideal opportunity to put the skills to good use. Further, the job would be a good fit for me given my personality traits and other characteristics that would match the skill set requirements of the job. All in all, the job would be an ideal starting point for me and for my career into the Canadian retail industry. 4. The pros of the job are that I would be utilizing my educational background and put to use the skills that I have learnt. The job would entail training in the areas of business and management along with finance and contracting. This would enable me to pursue the related skill sets and gain valuable insights into these fields. The biggest advantage of this job is that I would be given responsibility over an entire Franchise and hence this would be an ideal start to my career in the Canadian Retail industry. 5. The cons of the job are that since the position entails responsibilities beyond the normal ones that are part of a job in the retail industry, I would have to ensure that I scale up my performance level and work longer and harder. Though I would not necessarily see this as a negative, the fact remains that this would certainly add to the burden and I have to put in that much more work to measure up to the specifications. 6. I believe that the salary being offered is reasonable considering my qualifications and the demands of the job. There is nothing in the compensation package to suggest that the salary being offered is below my expectations or is somehow not consistent with the job description. Further, I am enthused by the fact that the package involves perquisites that make up for any deficiencies in the monetary compensation. 7. http://www.olx.ca/retail-jobs-cat-386 This job posting is

Gears The Transmitters of Mechanical Power Essay Example for Free

Gears The Transmitters of Mechanical Power Essay A body under net force is under tranlational motion and a body under net torque is under rotational motion; but they both have something in common and that is both have kinetic energy. This energy can be exploited to do some useful work. The mechanical energy of an object can be used to move another object. Some examples can be a rotating shaft of a motor, which can be used to move a vehicle for public transport. But for this to happen the force, the torque, the mehanical energy or the mechanical power needs to be transmitted from one moving or rotating body to another body. How mechanical force or torque or energy or power is transmitted from one body to another body? There are many ways, many mechanisms like pulley, chain, gears etc. So what is a Gear? Gear is a device, a mechanism through which mechanical force, torque, energy or power is transmitted from one object to another. To draw an analogy gear has same role for mechanical energy that electrical wire has for electrical energy. No not just that role of gear is much more than that. Gears act to increase or decrease the velocity from one moving element to another moving element. This way they has analogy with transformers in electrical domain. A gear is a circular object with a large number of teeth on it and two gears physically engage with each other to transmit mechanical power. This is illustrated in the following picture (http://www. osha. gov/SLTC/etools/machineguarding/animations/gears. html). Figure 1: Two gears engaged with each other In the subsequent sections we will briefly talk about different terminology about gears and about different types of gears: In the most coomon configuration a gear is engaged with another gear. However, it can engage with any other device which has compatible teath. One interesting arrangement is a linear object with teath, which is also termed as Rack. If a gear is engaged with a rack then forms what is known a Rack and a Pinion. It should however, be noted that a rack can be seen as a segment of a gear with infinite radius. Now let us talk about two gears of unequal size engages with each other as in figure 1, above. This combination produces â€Å"mechanical advantage† i. e. angular spee and torque of the second gear is different from that of the first gear. Let us explore this important concept about gears. Mchanical advantage The physical interlocking of the teeth in a pair of gears ensures that circumference of these gears move at the same linear speed. As the angualr speed is circumferential speed divided by its radius; the bigger gear moves at smaller angular speed than the smaller gear engaged with it. Let us look at it from the number of teath consideration. Because the teeth of two engaging gears are locked one to one, by the time all the teeth of the smaller gear have passed the point of contact only a fraction of the teath of the bigger gear has done that. In other words he smaller gear rotates faster than the bigger gear. This results in the following formula (Angular Speed A) x (Number of teeth A) = (Angular Speed B) x (Number of teeth B) or, (Angular Speed A)/ (Angular Speed B) = (Number of Teath B) / (Number of Teath B) This ratio is nothing but Gear Ratio. Similarly, one can dertermine torque ratio. The bigger gear experiences larger torque and vice versa. The torque ratio is equal to the ratio of the radii of the two gears and is inverse of the velocity ratio. Larger torque implies smaller velocity and vice versa. This fact is in confirmity with the law of conservation of energy. In this discussion we have ignored the friction, which dissipates the energy. Velocity ratio being a geometrical term remain unaffected by friction, however there is loss in torque ratio due to friction and thus actual torque ratio is always less than inverse of the velocity ratio. Because, gear is not perfectly circular due to presence of teath on the circumference, there is something called ‘pitch radius’, which is some sort of average between the radius at the root of the teath and at the outer of the teath and is used for these calculations for velocity ratio. Torque ratio etc. The pitch radius depends on the point of contact of the two gears. Also this point of contact keeps changing over time. Due to this the velocity ratio and torque ratio is not constant and instead keeps changing over the period of engagement. These ratios (velocity and torque ratios) that we have discussed so far are gross values and changes from point to point on the gear teath. However, the shape of the tooth can be made such that the velocity ratio remains constant with time on short and long term basis. This is done in good quality gears, because fluctuations in the velocity ratio causes undue vibration, put extra stress on the teeth, which can in turn break as the laod and the speed are many times very high. Keeping the velocity ratio constant is also desired from the precision considerations in devices like delicate instruments, eatches, clocks etc. Now let us compare gears with other mechanisms of mechanical power transmission. Gears and other Means of Power Transmission: There are other mechanisms for mechanical power transmission such as chains, belts, pulleys etc. Each of these has its own advantages and limitations. However, none is as diverse as gears. The problem of slippage is often encountered with these devices and the gears have edge over othe mechanisms. Similarly gears have constant velocity ratio, which is not the case with other devices. However, gears are generally more costly, but this higher cost is initial investment only and is paid back many more times due to very high life of gears than other devices. In the subsequent sections we will talk about different types of gears. Spur gear These are the most simple common gear. This is nothing but a disk with teath projecting radially and the leading edges of the teeth are aligned parallel to the axis of rotation. These gears are used for power transmission between parallel shafts. Such a gear is shown in figur 1, above. Helical gear This is a refinement over spur gear. In this gear the leading edge of the teeth is set at an agle to the axis of rotation and not not parallel to the axis of rotation as in case of spur gear. Because the gear is curved, this makes the tooth to be a segment of a helix. Such a tooth engages more gradually than do spur gear teeth. Therefore, this gear runs smoothly and produces much lesser noise than the spur gear. Besides, helical gear can tranmit power between non-parallel shafts as well. A pair of helical gears can be engage in two ways the shafts can be oriented at at either the sum or the difference of the helix angles of the gears. These configurations of the shafts are known as parallel or crossed, respectively. The parallel configuration is the mechanically more sound than the crossed configuration. In this configuration, the helices of a pair of engaging teeth meet at a common tangent, and therefore, the contact between the tooth surfaces will, is a curve, which extends some distance across their face widths. On the other hand, the helices do not meet tangentially in the crossed configuration, and between tooth surfaces only point contact is achieved. Because of this (the small area of contact), crossed helical gears are and can be used with light loads only. Generally, helical gears come in pairs. The helix angle of one is the negative of the helix angle of the other in this pair and this pair is termed as having a right handed helix and a left handed helix of equal angles. When engaged in the parallel mode, these equal and opposite angles add to zero i. e. the angle between shafts is zero or the the shafts are parallel. When engaged in the crossed configuration, the angle between shafts is twice the helix angle of individual gears. However, it should be borne in mind that parallel configuration of gears and paralles shafts are two different things i. e. parallel configuration of axes may not always lead to parallel shafts. The helical gear is shown in figure 2, below (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Image:Helical_Gears. jpg). Figure 2: Helical gears in parallel and crossed configurations Double Helical Gear This gear is known as herringbone gear as well. This was invented to overcome the problem of axial thrust caused by helical gear. Here teath are of V shape. In this, each gear can be visualized as two standard and mirror image, helical gears stacked. This configuration cancels out the thrust because each half of the gear thrusts in the opposite direction. These can be interchanged with spur gears without changing the bearings.

A Phenomenon; Hip-hop Essay -- Music, Sub-culture

People have many different problems in their lives and their reactions are also different. Some of them prefer to talk about these problems directly; some choose another way that is indirectly, such as music. Hip-hop is a reaction for people to show what happens in their lives. Although all music types have the same function, many people prefer this music type to tell what they feel without using exaggerated artistic lyrics since everything is pure and real in hip-hop. On the other hand hip-hop is not just a music type since the beginning; it is a culture in the United States. It is effective in every part of our lives, in schools, in streets or in our homes. That popular and effective music type began as a rebellious to destroy the feuds but since then it has changed a lot; now hip-hop is the cause of feuds which are consist enough violence to cover the youth all over the world (Kelley, 13). This article mentions the description and history of hip-hop and also effects of it to under stand the violence in hip-hop culture which is featured by lyrics. Today, it is quite clear to see that hip-hop has a strong effect on youth and this effect causes violence in society. There are many different descriptions about hip-hop but the most common view is hip-hop is not stable. People who listen to this music prefer it because it is the reflection of the life. Keung describes hip-hop as, â€Å"it is an expression of feelings through music, an outlet where people can channel their negative energy into something positive† which means hip-hop is a way to eliminate the negative results of human’s behaviors (Keung, 2). Although the idea behind the hip-hop was that before, it has changed in time. Now hip-hop does not destroy the negative results of b... ...o not care about any limit in their lyrics since they consider that they show the all sides of the life. Even though, this violence and dirtiness in hip-hop are accepted by music authorities it is not easy to fix this situation because hip-hop is in every part of life and people accept it with that unique and rude style. In my opinion to pretend the violence in hip-hop, first families should be responsible to control their children, when kids are educated enough to understand which type of music consists violence and this violence is harmful for their life, it is easier to change the music producers minds. Producers and artists earn huge amounts from this industry and all industries are shaped according to demands; music producers have to give what audiences wants. To change the hip-hop culture and destroy the violence, it should be started with educate the youth.

English Proverbs and Sayings

? 9  «? » ?. ?. : ?. ?. , 2010 CONTENTS Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦. 3 1. The problem of the definition of proverbs and sayings †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 2. The origin of English proverbs and sayings †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 5 3. The thematic classification of English proverbs and sayings†¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 4. The usage of English proverbs and sayings in teaching English 4. pronunciation .. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 4. 2 grammar †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 4. 3 vocabulary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦.. 9 4. 4 speaking skills †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦. 11 Conclusion †¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦. 13 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦. †¦.. 14 Appendix †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦15 INTRODUCTION This research is devoted to such an interesting phenomenon of our life as proverbs and sayings, and English proverbs and sayings in particular. Proverbs and sayings are records of the development of civilization throughout its history. We strongly believe that to know people's culture and values, one should study their proverbs. People express their beliefs, customs, habits, knowledge, morals and any other capabilities in their proverbs. Nowadays pupils don’t read much and they don’t show much interest in learning either Russian or English proverbs or sayings. We began to write this work because we know that some children don’t think that English proverbs and sayings are worth learning. We want to prove that English proverbs and sayings can be very useful for learning the language. We read books on linguistics and also searched the Internet in order to find some useful information there. The object of our research is the phenomenon of the English proverbs and sayings. The subject of the research is the linguistic value of English proverbs and sayings while learning the language. The goal of the research is to make up a summary of English proverbs and saying which will be useful for teachers and pupils while teaching or learning different aspects of the language. The objectives are: * to study the problem of the definition of proverbs and sayings * to study the origin of English proverbs and sayings to group English proverbs and sayings according to their meaning (thematically) * to analyze the possibility of the usage of English proverbs and sayings in teaching * to make lists of the most useful ones * to find Russian equivalents to English proverbs and sayings Our hypothesis is that English proverbs and sayings can be widely used in teaching different aspects of the language. In this work we used different research methods, such as scientific cognition methods (analysis and synthesis), empirical methods (comparison). We think that the information acquired during the research is useful for learning and understanding the essence of proverbs and sayings and their role in communication; it develops language competence and encourages people to study the cultural aspect of the English language. 1. The problem of the definition of proverbs and sayings According to Oxford Advances Learner’s Dictionary a proverb is a well-known phrase or sentence that gives advice or says something that is generally true, for example ‘Waste not, want not’. A saying is a well-known phrase or statement that expresses something about life that most people believe is wise and true: ‘Accidents will happen’, as the saying goes. A saying is something that is said, notable in one respect or another, â€Å"a pithy expression of wisdom or truth. There are a number of specific types of saying, and one of them is a proverb – an expression of practical truth or wisdom. A proverb, (from the Latin proverbium), is a simple and concrete saying popularly known and repeated, which expresses a truth, based on common sense or the practical experience of humanity. They are often metaphorical. A proverb that describes a basic rule of conduct may also be known as a maxim. If a proverb is distinguished by particularly good phrasing, it may be known as an aphorism. The study of proverbs is called: paremiology (from Greek – paroimia, â€Å"proverb†) and can be dated back as far as Aristotle. Paremiography, on the other hand, is the collection of proverbs. Subgenres include proverbial comparisons (â€Å"as busy as a bee†), proverbial interrogatives (â€Å"Does a chicken have lips? †) and twin formulas (â€Å"give and take†). Typical stylistic features of proverbs are: lliteration (Forgive and forget) parallelism (Nothing ventured, nothing gained) rhyme (When the cat is away, the mice will play) ellipsis (Once bitten, twice shy) Internal features that can be found quite frequently include: hyperbole (All is fair in love and war) paradox (For there to be peace there must first be war) personification (Hunger is the best cook) To make the respective statement more general most proverbs are based on a metaphor. Further typical features of the proverb are its shortness (average: seven words), and the fact that its author is generally unknown (otherwise it would be a quotation). We should also understand the difference between a proverb and a saying. A proverb distinguishes from a saying by its instructive nature and maturity. Whereas a saying is usually not quite complete and has no conclusion. 2. The origin of English proverbs and sayings The sources of the proverbs and saying are various. Proverbs exist as folk knowledge in many cultures and diffuse across cultural and language boundaries with surprising ease as cultures adopt sayings from other communities and other languages. At their origin, most proverbs operate in an oral environment, and as such they display many of the same mnemonic traits necessary for purely oral retention and transmission such as alliteration, rhyme, and rhythm. They also display many of the content patterns common in other oral traditions including personification, and hyperbole. In fact most orally transmitted epic poems are constructed from â€Å"cliche† proverb building blocks, that is short, well-known and concrete sayings. Proverbs and sayings become part of common knowledge and nation’s heritage and when we use it we don’t think about its origin. We can suppose that any proverb was created by some definite person in some definite situation, but it’s impossible to find the author of many of them. We think it will be right to say that generally proverbs are of folk origin and their source is the collective intellect of the nation. On the other hand it is quite clear that lots of proverbs and sayings were added by clever people of their times. They say that Shakespeare added more phrases and sayings to the English language than anyone else. It is most likely that lots of them had existed before but not in such an easy to remember form. However, both sources – folk and literary – are intertwined closely together and very often cannot be separated from each other. The world of sail has given us more phrases and sayings than any other occupation. If it isn't Shakespearian and it isn't nautical there's a good chance it's Biblical. Both the Bible (Book of Proverbs) and Medieval Latin have played a considerable role in distributing proverbs across Europe, although almost every culture has examples of its own. Proverbs are also often borrowed from similar languages and cultures, and sometimes come down to the present through more than one language. Every country and language has its own stock of proverbs, and proverbs in our language today reflect every age and time. Art is long and life is short is found originally as a saying of the Greek physician Hippocrates; The apple never falls far from the tree, which means that family characteristics will always assert themselves, is apparently of eastern origin. Sometimes the proverb as we have it today looks back to an earlier period; the idea that Bad money drives out good, recorded from the early 20th century, looks back to the anxieties of the 16th-century financier Sir Thomas Gresham about the debasement of the coinage. The Bible has always been a major source (The leopard does not change his spots! ), but changes in the world around us create new proverbs to reflect current experience. The computing world has given us two of the most durable: Garbage in, garbage out and What you see is what you get. So as we can see the main sources of proverbs and sayings are folk, literary and Biblical. 3. The thematic classification of English proverbs and sayings English proverbs and sayings are numerous and various. It seems quite impossible to divide them all into thematic groups. But we have analyzed the meanings of a great number of English proverbs and sayings and singled out the following topics which are most frequently discussed by pupils in the lesson: [pic] Examples are given in appendix 1. We think that teachers can widely use these proverbs and sayings in their lessons to encourage their pupils to share the ideas and express their opinions while working on this or that topic. 4. 1 The use of English proverbs and sayings in teaching English phonetics English proverbs and sayings can be used by teachers while teaching different aspects of English at school. We think that they can also make the process of learning more interesting and exciting. Some English proverbs can be used to improve pupils’ phonetic skills and pronunciation. Teaching the beginners English proverbs and sayings can be used for practising different sounds, especially those which do not exist in the Russian language. Instead of separate words or phrases with sounds any teacher can use specially selected proverbs and sayings with the sound needed. This type of work can be included on different stages of the lesson and be a kind of relaxation for pupils. We propose the following proverbs and sayings for phonetic drills. Examples are given in appendix 2. We think that proverbs and sayings can be used not only while teaching beginners, but also working with intermediate students, when they can improve both the pronunciation and stimulate the speaking activity. Even advanced pupils learn proverbs and sayings with pleasure while trying to make their pronunciation perfect. Usually pupils have no problems with learning proverbs and sayings and find them interesting and useful. 4. 2 The usage of English proverbs and sayings in teaching English grammar English proverbs and sayings can be widely used in teaching English grammar. We analyzed lots of them and found out that the following grammar aspects can be taught with the help of proverbs and sayings: [pic] Examples are given in appendix 3. It is hardly possible to teach English grammar using only proverbs and sayings, but their use seems highly advisable for making the process of learning more fascinating and interesting. 4. 3 The usage of English proverbs and sayings in teaching English vocabulary English proverbs and sayings can also be widely used for teaching English vocabulary, because children learn a lot of new words from them. Sometimes pupils memorize new words easier better because proverbs and sayings are logical and expressive statements. When pupils learn proverbs and sayings they train their memory, learn how to select necessary words and also develop the emotional expressiveness of their speech. The necessity to find the appropriate Russian equivalents for English proverbs and sayings helps pupils to develop their ability to choose lexical items adequately, stimulates pupils’ desire to use dictionaries and improves their translating skills. For example we can use proverbs and sayings in teaching numbers, because they are easier to learn when the context is vivid. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. ? , ? . Two is company, three is none. . , . If two man ride on a horse, one must ride behind. , . Rain before seven, fine before eleven. ? 7 , ? ? 11 . . . Custom is a second nature. – . , . Two heads are better than one. . . : , ? . , ? . To kill two birds with one stone. . . : (). A cat has nine lives. The following proverbs and sayings can be used in teaching the names of different animals: Every dog is a lion at home. ? . If you cut the woods, you’ll catch the wolf. . There is life in the old dog yet. ? . If you run after two hares, you will catch neither. , . Curses like chickens come home to roost. , ? . Can the leopard change his spots? . Like cow, like calf. , ? . The early bird catches the worm. , . If you sell the cow you will sell her milk too. – . A fly in the ointment. ? . Love me, love my dog. , ? . Curiosity killed the cat. . A living dog is better than a dead lion. ? , ? . Pigs grunt about everything and nothing. . Catch the bear before you sell his skin. , . Learning English proverbs and sayings helps pupils to enrich their lexicon, train their memory and improve translating skills which are very important for anyone who wants to know English well. 4. 4 The usage of English proverbs and sayings in teaching speaking skills Proverbs and sayings can be used in different kinds of exercises for developing pupils’ speaking skills where they can serve as a stimulus. Here are some examples: make up a mini-dialogue using some proverb (work in pairs) â€Å"Two heads are better than one† PI: Tom, I can't do my English today. Can you help me? P2: OK, it’s very not difficult. I’ll help you R1: Thank you very much. Two heads are better than one. â€Å"Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today† PI: Mum, I want to play football with Pete. P2: Have you cleaned up your room? PI: Not yet. I'll do it tomorrow. P2: Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today. * make up a collective story about this or that proverb (group work) â€Å"A friend in need is a friend indeed† PI: Yesterday I went to school. P2: We had a test in Russian. P3: But I left my pencil-box at home. P4: I didn’t know what to do. P5: My friend Nick had two pens. P6: He gave me one pen. P7: A friend in need is a friend indeed. * make up a fairy tale with a proverb as a title or a moral (individual work) â€Å"An apple a day keeps a doctor away† Once upon a time there was a little girl. Her name was Mary. She was very ill and her mother called a doctor. The doctor looked at the girl and said: â€Å"You must eat an apple every day. † Every day Mary ate one apple and soon she was fine. Her mother didn't call the doctor any more. An apple a day keeps a doctor away. â€Å"The right thing in the right place†. Mother bought tickets to the cinema. She gave them to me. I put the tickets on my table. When the time came to go to the cinema I didn't remember where they were. I looked for the tickets. I looked and looked and looked and found them under the table. â€Å"The right thing in the right place†. Debates are also very popular with teachers when they want to improve their pupils’ speaking skills. For debates we usually need two different opinions which must be contradictory in their meaning for pupils to try and to prove one of the opinions. English conflicting proverbs can be used to give a general idea for discussion. Examples are given in appendix 4. Proverbs and sayings can be used in different discussions when they can serve as a starting point of expressing pupils’ opinions. We think that conflicting proverbs are very useful for developing speaking skills because they will make any debate more interesting and dynamic. CONCLUSION This research is devoted to such a phenomenon as English proverbs and sayings. Proverbs and sayings are records of the development of civilization throughout its history. A proverb is a simple and concrete saying popularly known and repeated, which expresses a truth, based on common sense or the practical experience of humanity. A saying is saying is a well-known phrase or statement that expresses something about life that most people believe is wise and true. The main difference between a proverb and a saying is that a proverb distinguishes from a saying by its instructive nature and maturity. Whereas a saying is usually not quite complete and has no conclusion. The sources of proverbs and sayings are many various. The main are folk, literary and Biblical. All proverbs and sayings can be divided into various groups according to their meanings: proverbs and sayings about friendship, work, time, money and wealth, health, home and family, love and happiness, weather, learning and others. English proverbs and sayings can be used for teaching different aspects of the language: pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, speaking skills on all the levels. Our research is aimed to help teachers in making their lessons more interesting and informative. Having analyzed a great number of English proverbs and sayings we created a sort of collection where they are presented according to their themes. We also grouped them together by grammar aspects. We are sure that English proverbs and sayings can be widely used in teaching different aspects of the language. We hope this collection will serve as a help list for teachers who want to make the process of English studying more interesting and effective for their pupils. REFERENCES 1. ?. ?. . ?. ? . ?. , , 1993. – 3 ?. 2. ?. ?. ? ? ? /?. ?. ; . ?. ?. . 2. . – : ,1995. – 348 ?. 3. ?. ?. ? ? ? . ?. , , 1992. – 222 ?. 4. ?. ?. ?. ?. - ? . -, 1996. – 353 ?. 5. ?. ?. ? . // ? , 1993. – ? 2. – ?. 51-52. 6. ?. ?. ? ? ? IX . // ? , 2000. – ? 1. – ?. 40 – 42. 7. ?. ?. ? // ? , 2001 – ? 2. – ?. 50-52. 8. http://www. ky-net-eye. com/rus/dictionary/english/for-russian-speaking/proverbs 9. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Proverb 10. http://www. classes. ru/proverbs-and-sayings. htm 11. http://eng. 1september. ru/vie w_article. php? ID=200801319 Appendix 1 Thematic classification of English proverbs and saying 1). English proverbs and saying about friendship: A friend in need is a friend indeed. ? . . ? . ? , ? . ? . A friend is never known till needed. , . . . . A friend in court is better than a penny in purse. , ? . A friend who shares is a friend who cares. ? . A broken friendship may be soldered, but will never be sound. (), . . . Friend's frown is better than a foe's smile. , . . , . , ? . A hedge between keeps friendship green. , ? . : ? . A joke never gains an enemy but often loses a friend. , ? . . , , ? ? . , . , . Better an open enemy than a false friend. , . (. , , ? , . ) A friend to all is a friend to none. , , . . — . , . ? , . Even reckoning makes long friends. . . . . — . — . Friends are thieves of time. — . They are hand and glove. , ? . . . . Who keeps company with the wolf, will learn to howl. ? , . . ? , ? . ? - , ? . Old friends and old wine are best. ? . ?. , , ? — . 2). English proverbs and saying about work: Business before pleasure. , . . , . , . Haste makes waste. — . . , ? . — . A bad workman quarrels with his tools. ? ? . . ? ? . — . . The work shows the workman. . ? . After dinner comes the reckoning. . ?. , ? . Ill-gotten gains never prosper. . . . : , ? . In for a penny, in for a pound. , ? . ?. ?. ? , ? , . ) . , . , , . No pains, no gains. ? . . (). ? . To work with the left hand. . . . ? . With time patience the leaf of the mulberry becomes satin. ? ? . . ? . All work and no play makes Jack a d ull boy. ? . . — ? . ? , ? . – , . Many hands make light work. . . , . — , ? — . A busy as a bee. (), . Live and learn. ? . . – . 3). English proverbs and saying about time: Lost time is never found again. . . . May hay while the sun shines. , . . , . , . Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today. , . . . , ? . â€Å", , †, - . Procrastination is the thief of time. – . — . . . ? . Take time by the forelock. (?. ?. ). The more haste, the les speed. , . . . . With time patience the leaf of the mulberry becomes satin. ? ? . . ? . Time flies. . Time is money. – . Time is the great healer. - . . - . ). English proverbs and saying about money and wealth: A light purse is a heavy curse. — . . , . A heavy purse makes a light heart. . . , ? . A light purse makes a heavy heart. — . . , ? ? . He that has no money needs no purse. ? , ? . A penny saved is a penny gained. – . . , . — . . Good health is above wealth. . . . . . Money makes the mare go. (?) . Much will have more. . . ? . Strike while the iron is hot. . , . Take care of the pence and the pounds will take care of themselves. ? , ? ? . . . ? — ? . Add pence to pence, for wealth comes hence. . . ? — ? . A fool and his money are soon parted. ? . . ? ? . To come off with a whole skin. ? . . . What’s done cannot be undone. , . . . A bad penny always comes back. . Where there’s much there’s brass. , ? . Money begets money. . . . ? . Money has no smell. . Money is a good servant but a bad master. — , . : , ? . . — , ? — . Money often unmakes the men who make it. , . Money to spare likes (needs) good care. . . Money spent on the brain is never spent in vain. , , . 5). English proverbs and saying about health: After dinner sit a while, after supper walk a mile. () , ? . Agues come on horseback, but go away on foot. ? , ? . . , ? . , . An apple a day keeps a doctor away. . . Too much knowledge makes the head bald. . . – . Wealth is nothing without health. – . . ? . . — . . Health is not valued till sickness come s. , . . , . What can’t be cured, must be endured. , . : ? , .. An ill wound is cured, not an ill name. , ? — . Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. . ? , , ? . Good health is above wealth. . . . . . ? sound mind in a sound body. ? . 6). English proverbs and saying about home and family: East or West, home is best. , , ? . . ? , ? . There is place like home. . ? , ? . , ? . Every dog is a lion at home. . . ? . ? . The furthest way about is the nearest way home. — . . - . Like master, like man. , ? . . , ? . Like father, like son. , ? . ?. , ? . , ? . , ? . . Men make houses, wom?n make homes. , ? . A good wife makes a good husband. ? ? . . ? . ? ? . A good Jack makes a good Jill. ? ? . . ? ? . If each would sweep before his own door, we should have a clean city. ? , . It is a sad house where the hen crows louder than the cock. , ? . Charity begins at home. () ? . . ? . Curses like chickens come home to roost. , , . . , ? . . My house is my castle. — . ( ? ). . ? , ? . Burn not your house to rid it of the mouse. He , , . . , ? ? . A house divided against itself cannot stand. . . , ? . Wash your dirty linen at home. . . . 7). English proverbs and saying about love and happiness: Absence makes the heart grow fonder. . , . All is fair in love and war. (, ) ? ? . He that has no children knows not what love is. , ? , , . Love is neither bought nor sold. . – ? . Love in a cottage. ? . . ? ? ? . Love me, love my dog. . , ? . , ? . Love cannot be forced. . . : . . Love is blind, as well as hatred. , ? , . . . . , ? . Love will creep where it may not go. , , . : . . . Salt water and absence wash away love. . . — . Take us as you find us. (), (?. ?. ? ). . , ? . Love lives in cottages as well as in courts. . ? ? ? . ? . ? – ? . be up to the ears in love. . . Unlucky at cards, lucky in love. . ? , ? . True love never grows old. C?. . He is happy that thinks himself so. , , . Happiness takes no account of time. . . . Happy is he that is happy in his children. , (?. ?. ? ). . ? , ? . Beauty lies in lover's eyes. – ? . . : , ? . - , ? - . 8). English proverbs and saying about weather: Rain before seven, fine before eleven (rain before seven, clear by eleven). . It never rains but it pours. , . ( ) If there were no clouds, we should not enjoy the sun. . The wind can't be caught in a net. ? . Any port in a storm. ? . Hoist your sail when the wind is fair. . Words are but wind. – . Vows made in storms are forgotten in calms. , ? , ? . Oaks may fall when reeds withstand the storm. , . A quiet conscience sleeps in thunder. ? ? ? . Save it for a rainy day. . After a storm comes the calm. – , – . – : , ? . – . After rain comes fair weather. , ? . The morning sun never lasts a day. . . : It is an ill wind that blows nobody good. , . . : . Sow th e wind and reap the whirlwind. , . When it rains pottage you must hold up your dish. ? , . Small rain lays great dust. . . : , . , A foul morning may turn into a fair day. – . While it is fine weather, mend your sail. , ? ; . 9). English proverbs and saying about learning: Live and learn. ? . . : – . Soon learnt, soon forgotten. . Don’t teach the dog to bark. – . Learn wisdom by the follies of others. . Learn to creep before you leap. , . : . . . Learn to walk before you run. , . Like teacher, like pupil. , ? . Better unborn than untaught. , . Better untaught than ill-taught. , . . : . . Learning is the eye of the mind. – , ? – . Learning makes wise; ignorance otherwise. – , ? – . APPENDIX 2 English proverbs and sayings in teaching pronunciation [w] sound: Where there is a will there is a way. , ? . Waste not, want not. , . When wine is in wit is out. ? : – . What we do willingly is easy. – . When the cat is away, the mice will play. . No sweet without sweat. ? . Time works wonders. . [m] sound: So many men, so many minds. – . To make a mountain out of a molehill. . One man's meat is another man's poison. , . One man, no man. ? . [h] sound: One cannot run with the hare, and hunt with the hounds. Handsome is that handsome does. , . Harm watch, harm catch. – . [b] sound: Bargain is a bargain. . Business before pleasure. , . , . Beggar can never be bankrupt. . [p] sound: Practice makes perfect. . Plenty is no plague. . To buy a pig in a poke. ? . Praise is not pudding. . sound [t] Time and tide wait for no man. . To tell tales out of school. . sounds [t] ? [r]: Don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. , . Tree is known by its fruit. , . sounds [t] ? [? :]: Better untaught than ill-taught. . Better unborn than untaught. , . [d] sound: Dogs don’t eat dogs. . Deeds, words. () , ? . Dog eats dog. . Dumb dogs are dangerous. , ? . Desperate diseases must have desperate remedies. . Delays are dangerous. . : () , ? . [k] sound: Care killed the cat. , ? . Curiosity killed a cat. . Quiet conscience sleeps in thunder. ? ? ? . Clear conscience laughs at false accusations. . Close mouth catches no flies. , . Counsel is no command. ? ? . Cut your coat according to your cloth. ? . ? ] sound: Health is above wealth. . Wealth is nothing without health. ? . Nothing venture, nothing have. – . Truth comes out of the mouths of babes and sucklings. . [? ] sound: God helps those who help themselves. ? . Neither here nor there. ? , ? . [ei] sound: Haste makes waste. – . No pains, no gains. ? . Who breaks, pays. , ? . To call a spade a spade. . To lay by for a rainy day. . . : . [i:] sound: Seeing is believing. , ? . To set the wolf to keep the sheep. – , - . [i] sound: Sink or swim! , . To kick against the pricks. . [e] sound: The best defence is offence. – . Add pence to pence, for wealth comes hence. ? — ? . Better late than never. , . [? ] sound: To have rats in the attic. . . . He that mischief hatches, mischief catches. , ? . [u] sound: By hook or by crook. , . APPENDIX 3 English proverbs and sayings in teaching different grammar aspects Adjectives and adverbs. Degrees of comparison: 1. Better late than never. , . 2. Health is better than wealth. . 3. The chain is no stronger than the weakest link. , ? . 4. The shorter the parting the less tears. – . 5. East or West home is best. ? , ? . 6. The nearer the bone the sweeter the meat. . 8. Cheapest is the dearest. , . 9. Better a small fish than an empty dish. ? . 10. The further in the deeper. ? – . 11. The more haste the worse speed. – . 12. Blood is thicker than water. C . 13. The best fish keep near the bottom. , , ? – . 14. A man cannot die more than once. . 15. The first step is the hardest. . 16. Where the river is deepest it makes the least noise. ? . 17. Grass is always greener on the other side of the fence. ? . 18. Another man’s bun looks much more fun. ? . 19. The more you study, the more you know, the more you know, the more you forget. – . 20. Better never begin than never make an end. , , . 21. Every bird thinks his own nest best. . 22. A man can do no more than he can. . 23. Things couldn’t be worse. . 24. He works best who knows his trade. . 25. A living dog is better than a dead lion. ? , ? . 26. The least said, the soonest mended. ? , ? ? . , . 27. The longest day has an end. , ? . 28. Stolen pleasures are sweetest. , ? . Imperatives: 1. Don't cross the bridges before you come to them. . 2. Drive the nail that will go. , . 3. Never say die. , , ? . 4. Do as you would be done by. , . 5. Never cackle till your egg is laid. ? , . 6. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today. , . 7. Don’t teach the dog to bark. , . 8. Wash your dirty linen at home. . Modal verbs: 1. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today. , . 2. What is done cannot be undone. . 3. You can’t eat your cake and have it. . 4. You can take a horse to the water but you cannot make him drink. , . 5. You cannot teach old dogs new tricks. , . 6. A willing horse shouldn’t be spurred. ? . Articles: 1. An apple a day keeps a doctor away. . 2. A man can die but once. , ? . 3. A friend in need is a friend indeed. ? . 4. The devil is not so black as he is painted. , . 5. A wise man never wants a weapon. , . 6. A drink is shorter than a tale. . Verbal. Participle I 1. Let sleeping dogs lie. , . 2. A drowning man catches at a straw. ? 3. The tongue ever turns to the aching tooth. ? , ? ? . 4. The pot calling kettle black. , ? . 5. A rolling stone gathers no moss. , . 6. No living man all things can. , . 7. Land flowing with milk and honey. – . 8. To cry stinking fish. . 9. Burning desire is worse than fire. . 10. All lay loads on the willing horse. , ? . Verbal. Participle II 1. A watched pot is long in boiling. – . 2. Better one-eyed than stone-blind. . 3. Varnished tale can’t be round. . 4. Well begun is half done. . 5. Once bitten, twice shy. , . 6. A fault confessed is half redressed. . 7. ? thing well done is twice done. . 8. Threatened folk live long. ? . 9. Packed like sardines. ? . 10. ? burnt child dreads the fire. . Verbal. Gerund 1. Life is not all clear sailing in calm waters. – . 2. Seeing is believing. , . 3. Between promising and performing, a man may marry his daughter. . 4. It’s no use crying for the Moon. ? . 5. There is no harm in trying. (? ). 6. One cannot make an omelet without breaking eggs. – . 7. Learning is the eye of mind. , ? 8. ? clean hand wants no washing. . 9. A watched pot is long in boiling. – . 10. There is no use sticking your head in ? lion’s mouth. . Conditionals 1. If he finds ? man idle, he’ll set him to work. , ? . 2. If I never see you again, it’ll be too soon. ? – . 3. If you agree to carry the calf, they’ll make you to carry the cow. , ? . 4. If my aunt had been a man, she’d have been my uncle. , , ? -. 5. If ifs and ans were pots and pans, there’d be no trade for tinkers. , , ? -. 6. If you dance, you must pay the fiddle. , ? . 7. If youth but knew, if age but could. , . 8. If you run after two hares, you will catch neither. , . 9. If you agree to carry the calf, they'll make you carry the cow. – ? . 10. If you laugh before breakfast you'll cry before supper. , . Passive Voice 1. Nothing is lost for asking. . 2. Love is neither bought nor sold – ? . 3. An oak is not felled with one stroke. . 4. Rome was not built in a day. . 5. He who pleased everyone died before he was born. . 6. Nothing is secret, that shall not be made manifest. , . 7. Success is never blamed. . 8. A fault confessed is half redressed. . 9. thing well done is twice done. . 10. If things were to be done twice all would be wise. . Nouns. Plural 1. Too many cooks spoil the broth. ? . 2. Hunger breaks stone walls. . 3. Can the leopard change his spots? . 4. A cat in gloves catches no mice. ? . 5. Life is not a bed of roses. – . 6. So many countries, so many customs. , , , . 7. Hell is full of good wishes. ? . . They don’t bring coals in Newcastle. ? . 9. They don’t carry owls in Athens. ? . 10. Hard words break no bones. . 11. Men may meet but mountains never. ? , ? ? . 12. If you run after two hares, you will catch neither. , . 13. Little strokes fell great oaks. . 14. A horse that will not carry a saddle must have no oats. , . 15. There is small choice in rotten apples. . Nouns. Possessive Case 1. All the keys hang not at one man’s girdle. . 2. Another man’s soul is always dark. – . 3. It’s only child’s play to what is on the way. , ? . 4. Pigeon’s milk. . 5. To be tied to one’s wife’s apron-strings. ? . 6. The last drop that breaks camel’s back. , . 7. On? man’s meat is another man’s poison. , ? . 8. I’m not my brother’s keeper. ? . 9. Cat’s cheers are mice’s tears. , ? . 10. The shoemaker’s wife is the worst shod. . 11. Another man’s bun looks much more fun. ? . 12. Crows never pick crow’s eye. . 13. You cannot make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear. . APPENDIX 4 Conflicting proverbs and sayings for debates Absence makes the heart grow fonder. – Out of sight, out of mind. Actions speak louder than words. – The pen is mightier than the sword. A silent man is a wise one. – A man without words is a man without thoughts. Look before you leap. – He who hesitates is lost. Many hands make light work. Too many cooks spoil the broth. Beware of Greeks bearing gifts. – Don't look a gift horse in the mouth. Clothes make the man. – Don't judge a book by its cover. Nothing ventured, nothing gained. – Better safe than sorry. The bigger, the better. – The best things come in small packages. What will be, will be. – Life is what you make it. Cross your bridges when you com e to them. – Forewarned is forearmed. What's good for the goose is good for the gander. – One man's meat is another man's poison. With age comes wisdom. – Out of the mouths of babes and sucklings come all wise sayings. The more, the merrier. Two's company; three's a crowd. It's the squeaky wheel that gets the grease. – The nail that sticks out gets hammered. The best things in life are free. – You get what you pay for. It never rains, than it pours. – Lightning never strikes twice in the same place. Everything comes to him who waits. – He who hesitates is lost. Opposites attract. – Birds of a feather flock together. Never too old to learn. – You can't teach an old dog new tricks. There is nothing permanent except change. – There is nothing new under the sun. Variety is the spice of life. – Don't change horses in the middle of a stream. Never do evil that good may come of it. – The end justifies the means. Better to ask the way t

Merchant Banking

Merchant Banking Merchant banking may be defined as, â€Å"an institution which covers a wide range of activities such as management of customer services, portfolio management, credit syndication, acceptance credit, counselling, insurance, etc. † Merchant Banks are popularly known as â€Å"issuing and accepting houses†. They offer a package of financial services. Unlike in the past, their activities are now primarily non-fund based. One of the basic requirements of merchant banks is highly professional staff with skills and worldwide contacts.The basic function of merchant banks is marketing corporate and other securities, that is guaranteeing sales and distribution of securities. All the aspects- origination, underwriting and distribution of the sale of industrial securities are handled by them. They are experts and good judges of the type, timing and terms of issues and make them acceptable to investors under prevailing preferences and market conditions, and at the sa me time afford the borrowing company, flexibility and freedom that it needs to meet possible future contingencies.They guarantee the success of issues by underwriting them. They also provide all the services related to receiving applications, allotment, collecting money, sending share certificates and so on. The merchant banker normally does not assume all the risk himself while underwriting the issue. Merchant banks offer services also to investors. The range of activities offered by merchant banks is much wider than sponsoring public issues of industrial securities. They offer project finance, syndication of credit, corporate advisory services, mutual fund investments, investment management etc.Services of Merchant Banks †¢ Project Counselling: Project counselling includes preparation of project reports, deciding upon the financing pattern to finance the cost of the project and appraising the project report with the financial institutions or banks. It also includes filling up of application forms with relevant information for obtaining funds from financial institutions and obtaining government approval. †¢ Issue Management: Management of issue involves marketing of corporate securities viz. equity shares, preference shares and debentures or bonds by offering them to public.Merchant banks act as an intermediary whose main job is to transfer capital from those who own it to those who need it. After taking action as per SEBI guidelines, the merchant banker arranges a meeting with company representatives and advertising agents to finalise arrangements relating to date of opening and closing of issue, registration of prospectus, launching publicity campaign and fixing date of board meeting to approve and sign prospectus and pass the necessary resolutions. Pricing of issues is done by the companies in consultant with the merchant bankers. †¢ Underwriting of Public Issue:Underwriting is a guarantee given by the underwriter that in the event of under subscription, the amount underwritten would be subscribed by him. Banks/Merchant banking subsidiaries cannot underwrite more than 15% of any issue. †¢ Managers, Consultants or Advisers to the Issue: The managers to the issue assist in the drafting of prospectus, application forms and completion of formalities under the Companies Act, appointment of Registrar for dealing with share applications and transfer and listing of shares of the company on the stock exchange. Companies can appoint one or more agencies as managers to the issue. Portfolio Management: Portfolio refers to investment in different kinds of securities such as shares, debentures or bonds issued by different companies and government securities. Portfolio management refers to maintaining proper combinations of securities in a manner that they give maximum return with minimum risk. †¢ Advisory Service Relating to Mergers and Takeovers: A merger is a combination of two companies into a single company where one s urvives and other loses its corporate existence. A takeover is the purchase by one company acquiring controlling interest in the share capital of another existing company.Merchant bankers are the middlemen in setting negotiation between the two companies. †¢ Off Shore Finance: The merchant bankers help their clients in the following areas involving foreign currency. (a) Long term foreign currency loans (b) Joint Ventures abroad (c) Financing exports and imports (d) Foreign collaboration arrangements †¢ Non-resident Investment: The services of merchant banker includes investment advisory services to NRI in terms of identification of investment opportunities, selection of securities, investment management, and operational services like purchase and sale of securities. †¢ Loan Syndication:Loan syndication refers to assistance rendered by merchant bankers to get mainly term loans for projects. Such loans may be obtained from a single development finance institution or a s yndicate or consortium. Merchant bankers help corporate clients to raise syndicated loans from banks or financial institutions. †¢ Corporate Counselling: Corporate counselling covers the entire field of merchant banking activities viz. project counselling, capital restructuring, public issue management, loan syndication, working capital, fixed deposit, lease financing acceptance credit, etc. bibliography a manual on merchant banking by JC Verma Merchant Banking Merchant Banking Merchant banking may be defined as, â€Å"an institution which covers a wide range of activities such as management of customer services, portfolio management, credit syndication, acceptance credit, counselling, insurance, etc. † Merchant Banks are popularly known as â€Å"issuing and accepting houses†. They offer a package of financial services. Unlike in the past, their activities are now primarily non-fund based. One of the basic requirements of merchant banks is highly professional staff with skills and worldwide contacts.The basic function of merchant banks is marketing corporate and other securities, that is guaranteeing sales and distribution of securities. All the aspects- origination, underwriting and distribution of the sale of industrial securities are handled by them. They are experts and good judges of the type, timing and terms of issues and make them acceptable to investors under prevailing preferences and market conditions, and at the sa me time afford the borrowing company, flexibility and freedom that it needs to meet possible future contingencies.They guarantee the success of issues by underwriting them. They also provide all the services related to receiving applications, allotment, collecting money, sending share certificates and so on. The merchant banker normally does not assume all the risk himself while underwriting the issue. Merchant banks offer services also to investors. The range of activities offered by merchant banks is much wider than sponsoring public issues of industrial securities. They offer project finance, syndication of credit, corporate advisory services, mutual fund investments, investment management etc.Services of Merchant Banks †¢ Project Counselling: Project counselling includes preparation of project reports, deciding upon the financing pattern to finance the cost of the project and appraising the project report with the financial institutions or banks. It also includes filling up of application forms with relevant information for obtaining funds from financial institutions and obtaining government approval. †¢ Issue Management: Management of issue involves marketing of corporate securities viz. equity shares, preference shares and debentures or bonds by offering them to public.Merchant banks act as an intermediary whose main job is to transfer capital from those who own it to those who need it. After taking action as per SEBI guidelines, the merchant banker arranges a meeting with company representatives and advertising agents to finalise arrangements relating to date of opening and closing of issue, registration of prospectus, launching publicity campaign and fixing date of board meeting to approve and sign prospectus and pass the necessary resolutions. Pricing of issues is done by the companies in consultant with the merchant bankers. †¢ Underwriting of Public Issue:Underwriting is a guarantee given by the underwriter that in the event of under subscription, the amount underwritten would be subscribed by him. Banks/Merchant banking subsidiaries cannot underwrite more than 15% of any issue. †¢ Managers, Consultants or Advisers to the Issue: The managers to the issue assist in the drafting of prospectus, application forms and completion of formalities under the Companies Act, appointment of Registrar for dealing with share applications and transfer and listing of shares of the company on the stock exchange. Companies can appoint one or more agencies as managers to the issue. Portfolio Management: Portfolio refers to investment in different kinds of securities such as shares, debentures or bonds issued by different companies and government securities. Portfolio management refers to maintaining proper combinations of securities in a manner that they give maximum return with minimum risk. †¢ Advisory Service Relating to Mergers and Takeovers: A merger is a combination of two companies into a single company where one s urvives and other loses its corporate existence. A takeover is the purchase by one company acquiring controlling interest in the share capital of another existing company.Merchant bankers are the middlemen in setting negotiation between the two companies. †¢ Off Shore Finance: The merchant bankers help their clients in the following areas involving foreign currency. (a) Long term foreign currency loans (b) Joint Ventures abroad (c) Financing exports and imports (d) Foreign collaboration arrangements †¢ Non-resident Investment: The services of merchant banker includes investment advisory services to NRI in terms of identification of investment opportunities, selection of securities, investment management, and operational services like purchase and sale of securities. †¢ Loan Syndication:Loan syndication refers to assistance rendered by merchant bankers to get mainly term loans for projects. Such loans may be obtained from a single development finance institution or a s yndicate or consortium. Merchant bankers help corporate clients to raise syndicated loans from banks or financial institutions. †¢ Corporate Counselling: Corporate counselling covers the entire field of merchant banking activities viz. project counselling, capital restructuring, public issue management, loan syndication, working capital, fixed deposit, lease financing acceptance credit, etc. bibliography a manual on merchant banking by JC Verma